MxA is an informative general biomarker for the most common acute viral infections as its levels in blood are increased with symptomatic respiratory viral infections. It can be used as a marker for distinguishing viral from bacterial disease. (i–v) This aids physicians in making the correct diagnosis and reduces unnecessary antibiotic treatment. MxA protein can serve as a general biomarker reflecting the interferon response in the body (vi-x).
See also study by Piri et al. (2024) on the accuracy and speed of the Labmaster LUCIA™ MxA Test.
(i) Engelmann I. et al. 2015.Diagnosis of viral infections using myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA). Pediatrics 135:e985–993.
(ii) Toivonen L. et al. 2015. Blood MxA protein as a marker for respiratory virus infections in young children. J Clin Virol. 62; 8–13.
(iii) Ivaska L. 2017. Diagnostic studies in children with acute infections: Microbes and biomarkers. Doctoral thesis. Annales Universitatis Turkuensis series D, part 1269, University of Turku, Finland.
(iv) Toivonen L. 2016. Rhinovirus infections in young children: Clinical manifestations, susceptibility, and host response. Doctoral thesis. Annales Universitatis Turkuensis series D, part 1249, University of Turku, Finland.
(v) Chieux V., Hober D., Chehadeh W., et al. 1999. MxA protein in capillary blood of children with viral infections. J Med Virol 59:547–551.
(vi) McNab F., Mayer-Barber K., Sher A. et al. Type I interferons in infectious disease. Nat Rev Immunol 15, 87–103 (2015).
(vii) Haller O., & Kochs G. (2011). Human MxA protein: an interferon-induced dynaminlike GTPase with broad antiviral activity. Journal of interferon & cytokine research, 31(1), 79–87.
(viii) Stertz S., Reichelt M., Krijnse-Locker J., Mackenzie J., et al. (2006). Interferon-induced, antiviral human MxA protein localizes to a distinct subcompartment of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Journal of interferon & cytokine research, 26(9), 650–660.
(ix) Pestka S., Krause C. D., & Walter M. R. (2004). Interferons, interferon-like cytokines, and their receptors. Immunological reviews, 202, 8–32.
(x) Millonig, A., Dressel, A., Bahner, D., Bitsch, A., Bogumil, T., Elitok, E., Kitze, B., Tumani, H., Weber, F., Gneiss, C., & Deisenhammer, F. (2008). MxA protein - an interferon beta biomarker in primary progressive multiple sclerosis patients. European journal of neurology, 15(8), 822–826.